FGSC #5214

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Reporting Genes: sn cr-1;arg-5;acr-2;pdx-1 mtr pan-1;al-3 inl

Species: crassa

Allele: C136 B123 27947 KH5(r) 37803 15 5521 RP100 83201t

Alternate Strain Number: M2049

Depositor: EK

Linkage Group: I IR;IIR;III;IVR IVR IVR;VR VR

Mating Type: A

Species Number: 10

Deposit Sheet ↗

Genes

Locus	Cultural Requirements	Link Group	Type
mtr	IVR. Between pdx-1 (2%) and col-4 (1%) (101, 1017).Resistant to 4-methyltryptophan and p-fluorophenylalanine. pmn (= Pm-N, pm n), selected by resistance to p-fluorophenylalanine, has been shown to be alletic with mtr(R. Sadler and S. Ogilvie-Villa, personal communication; see also reference 248). Defective in transport of neutral aliphatic and aromatic amino acids via amino acid transport system I (as defined in reference 777) (248, 602, 1017, 1152). Causes an alteration in surface glycoproteins (1038). Used extensively for transport studies (247a, 1150 [review], 1152), also for studies of the mechanism of intralocus recombination (1021). Resistance is recessive in duplications from T(S1229) (PB). Recessive resistance used in a heterokaryon test system for mutation studies (1020). Suppressors obtained and used for selecting other resistance mutants (106, 107, 555, 1018). Allele 26 is a putative frameshift mutation reverted by ICR170 (106, 107). mtrascospores are slow to darken and mature; up to 50% of the young ascospores from heterozygous crosses are white (152, PB). With probable allele MN18, ascospore viability is improved by the addition of peptone to the crossing medium when the male parent is added (152). mtr has been scored on media containing 10 or 70 µg of filter-sterilized 4-methyltryptophan per ml or on 20 or 60 µg of p-fluorophenylalanine per ml (550, 1021, PB). Unlike 4-methyltryptophan, p-fluorophenylalanine is heat stable and can be added before autoclaving. Strains with mutations at the mtr locus may be obtained by selection for resistance to numerous agents or for defects in uptake ability. Thus, there is confusion in nomenclature. Genes originally designated neua, neur, neut, tru(628) may be mtr alleles. mtr was initially called mt (602).	IVR	B
sn	I. Right of T(39311) and arg-3 (1 to 6%). Left of T(AR173) and his-2 (<1 to 12%) (174, 808). (687) Spreading colonial growth with good conidiation. Linear growth is less than 1/10 that of the wild type (19). Detectable immediately after ascospore germination by hyphal patterns which suggested the name (688). Abnormal microfilaments (19). Contains actin-like protein (20). Said not to exhibit cytoplasmic streaming (18). Meiosis and ascospore formation are normal in homozygous sn x sn crosses (N.B. Raju, personal communication). Good female fertility. Morphology similar to that of sp, cum, and cot-4mutants (at 25 C) (PB). Used to study development of crystalline inclusions (17). The cr sn double mutant grows as small, discrete, conidiating colonies suitable for velvet replication. The double mutant cr snresembles the rg cr double mutant phenotypically and has the advantage of fertility in homozygous crosses (796); for example of application, see reference 180.	IR	B
pan-1	IVR. Between ad-6 (1 to 2%) and cot-1 (2 to 3%) (633, 692, PB). (482). cel, col-1, int, pho-3, and thi-5 all appear to be closely linked in this crowded region. Requires intact pantothenic acid for growth under standard conditions. Able to synthesize both precursors, beta-alanine and pantoyl lactone (1058). Ability to synthesize pantothenic acid from beta-alanine plus pantoyl lactone is demonstrable in vitro but not in vivo unless cultures are aerated (1111, 1113, 1114). Unlike pan-2, pan-1 has no effect on ascospore ripening in heterozygous crosses. Called group A. For alleles see reference 138.	IVR	B
inl	VR. Between pho-3 (3 to 4%) and pab-1 (1 to 10%). Right of al-3 (362, 397, 1036). (482)Requires inositol (65). Lacks D-myoinositol-1-phosphatase (1142). Lack of glucocycloaldolase found by Pina and Tatum (826) is attributed by Williams (1142) to drastic repression of glucocycloaldolase by the concentration of inositol used for growth. Growth is colonial on low levels of inositol (367). Tends to extrude dark pigment into the medium when grown on suboptimal inositol. Composition of phospholipids and cell walls is abnormal on limiting inositol (367, 439, 440, 501). Inhibited by hexachlorocyclohexane (366, 457, 931). Conidia are subject to death by unbalanced growth on minimal medium (1028, 1033), a property exploited for mutant enrichment ("inositol-less death") (606, 647) because double mutants are at a selective advantage. Heat-sensitive allele 83201 is especially useful for mutant enrichment (832, 1043). Used in the first experiments reporting transformation of Neurospora by N. crassaDNA (677, 679) and reported to be efficient as a recipient in absence of inositol (1162). Used to study glucose (917) and sulfate (641) transport systems. Used extensively for studying induced reversion (392). Used for studying the mechanism of inositol-less death (647, 702), mutagenicity of ferrous ions, and regulation of mitochondrial membrane fluidity; for a review, see reference 702. Spontaneous reversion rates (386). Allele-specific partial suppressor (390). Allele 46802 is nonrevertable and inseparable from translocation 46802 (386, 808). Strains carrying heat-sensitive allele 83201 show slow semicolonial growth in liquid minimal medium at 25°C (641), but look normal on slants (D.D. Perkins, unpublished data). Strains carrying allele 89601 contain cross-reacting material (1183). Mutant gene exo-1 is present in the inl(89601) a stock FGSC 498 and may, therefore, be present in stocks of mutants derived by inositol-less death. (See references 194, 325, and 1027). Called inos.	VR	B
pdx-1	IVR. Right of pyr-1 (<1 to 10%). Left of T(S1229) and pt (2%) (40, 55, 692, 808). (482) Uses pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine (843, 845, 846). Shows intralocus complementation (845, 846) and recombination (848), Provided the first proven example of gene conversion (686). Scoring is sharpened by addition of 100 mg of desoxypyridoxine per liter (845). Several alleles (called pdxp: e.g., 44602) are pH sensitive and can grow without pyridoxine on medium containing ammonium ions at a pH above 6 (1029). Conidia are subject to death by unbalanced growth on minimal medium (1033). A yellow pigment is excreted under certain conditions by the pdx-1;En(pdx) double mutant; see En(pdx). Allele 44204 originally called pdx-2 (see reference 848).	IVR	B
arg-5	Uses ornithine, citrulline or arginine.	IIR	B
al-3	VR. Between his-1 and inl (1%) (1119, PB). Carotenoids deficient (398). Reported to lack geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity and is blocked in soluble fraction, consistent with lesion between isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (445), but can still produce farnesyl pyrophosphate (445) and steroids (398). (See Fig. 9.) This evidence contradicts in vivo labeling results that indicate a lesion between prephytoene pyrophosphate and phytoene (572). Strains carrying allele Y234M470 (al-3ros), formerly called rosy (49), become partially pigmented but are readily distinguished from the wild type. ylo-1 can be scored in combination with al-3ros (Y234M470) (PB). Strains carrying other alleles (e.g., RP100) (1119) are white with a trace of pink pigment. Biosynthetic pathway for carotenoids. It is thought that the same prenyl transferase catalyzes all the steps from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (444; R.W. Harding, personal communication), and it has been proposed that a separate prenyl transferase converts dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to farnesyl pyrophosphate for sterol synthesis (445). The conversion of phytoene to the various carotenoid pigments involves a series of dehydrogenations, cyclizations, and other reactions. There must also be a cis/trans isomerization analogous to that found in tomato (842). The sequence of some of these steps is still uncertain; the pathway must branch, and there may be alternate routes to some of the products. See references 228, 443, 444, 842 and citations therein for proposed sequences. al-1 is probably blocked in phytoene dehydrogenase (398). It is not known whether this enzyme catalyzes the whole series of dehydrogenations. al-2 is reported blocked between geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and phytoene (445) and between prephytoene pyrophosphate and phytoene (572). al-3 is alternately reported blocked between isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (445) and between prephytoene pyrophosphate and phytoene (572), but it is not blocked in the production of farnesyl pyrophosphate or sterols (398, 445). ylo-1 is evidently blocked in a late step, probably either in the conversion of lycopene to 3,4-dehydrolycopene or in the conversion of either torulene or gamma-carotene to neurosporaxanthin (see citations in reference 398).	VR	B
acr-2	III. Linked to thi-4 (0/286). Left of sc (3 to 6%) and spg (1 to 11%) (498, 816). acr-2 has been shown left of the centromere on published maps but without direct evidence. acr-2and trp-1 (on IIIR) cosegregated at the second division in 1 of 13 asci (H.B. Howe, Jr., personal communication), which would favor a right arm location. Resistant to acriflavine (494, 495); also resistant to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (seven alleles tested) (494). Resistance is probably dominant (heterokaryon tests) (498). Not resistant to malachite green. An excellent stable marker, fully fertile, with unambiguous scoring. Sizable inocula should be used to avoid false-negative tests. Use acriflavine at 50 µg /ml in minimal agar medium (816) (higher concentrations may be used) and aminotriazole at 0.5 mg/ml; both added before autoclaving.	III	B
cr-1	IR. Right of ace-7 (1 to 3%) and nic-2 (4 to 7%). Left of cys-9 (3%) and un-1(5%) (721, 816). Included in duplications from T(4540), which do not include cr-2 or cr-3(PB). (610) Rapid conidiation close to surface of agar. Produces very short conidiophores, bearing conidia in tight clusters (610, 611). Photographs (533, 634). Recessive. Deficient in adenylate cyclase (1066); has little or no endogenous adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (1065, 779). Abnormal morphology partially corrected by exogenous adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (891, 892, 1065, 1066). Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate also stimulates mycelial elongation (892). Cyclic nucteotide levels differ in mycelia and conidia (891, 892). NAD(P) glycohydrolase is overproduced and excreted; this is normalized by adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (533). Induction and localization of p-glucosidase is altered; induction is normalized by adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (906). Inability to use glycerol and certain other carbon sources is also overcome by adenosine 3',5'phosphate (598, 1067). Phosphodiesterase inhibitors do not counteract the morphological effect of cr-1 (892). Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity (92). Used to determine what functions are controlled by adenosine 3',5'-phosphate (779). Used to study adenosine 3',5'-phosphate binding protein (1082). Strains carrying the various alleles vary in growth habit (B123 strains are flat, restricted; allele L strains are spreading, but morphology may vary on different media). Modifier mutations which alter morphology and the ability of cr-1 to use glycerol occur frequently (383, 905). Crosses homozygous for allele B123 exude intact linear asci (634). Double mutants sn cr and cr rg form small conidiating colonies suitable for replica plating with velvet (182, 634, 796, 932, 1020). The triple mutant sn cr;csp-2 can be overlayered (744; photograph 747). The single mutant (B123) can be replicated by using a needle replicator (634). Scorability and viability are good. Excellent as a marker. Carotenoids formed normally. cr-1 ascospores may require longer to mature than cr+ ascospores. Allele CE4-11-67 called con(716, 717).	IR	B